Airway management in neonates and infants: European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and British Journal of Anaesthesia joint guidelines

Use medical history and physical examination to predict difficult airway management

Ensure adequate level of sedation or GA during airway management

Administer neuromuscular blocker before tracheal intubation when spontaneous breathing is not necessary

Use a videolaryngoscope with an age-adapted standard blade as first choice for tracheal intubation

Apply apnoeic oxygenation during tracheal intubation in neonates

Consider a SGA for rescue oxygenation and ventilation when tracheal intubation fails

Limit the number of tracheal intubation attempts

Use a stylet to reinforce and preshape tracheal tubes when hyperangulated videolaryngoscope blades are used and when the larynx is anatomically anterior

Verify intubation is successful with clinical assessment and end-tidal CO2 waveform

Apply high-flow nasal oxygenation, CPAP or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation for postextubation respiratory support, when appropriate