Clinical agreement and physiological relevance of the zero-heat-flux temperature measurement in trauma patients during operating room resuscitation
Main finding · Agreement, all paired measurementsResult — go to the resultMean bias - 0.22 °C 95% limits of agreement CI - 1.30 to 0.85Authors' conclusion
Zeto-heat-flux temperature measured by the 3 M Bair Hugger system shows moderate agreement with esophageal temperature, with improved precision when extreme hypothermia is excluded.
Study context
- Population
- Trauma patients monitored during operating room resuscitation at a level I trauma center, January–October 2021; severe facial or head trauma excluded1,737 paired measurements
- Participants
- 54 patients
- Exposure
- Zero-heat-flux vs esophageal temperature
- Outcome
- Agreement between esophageal and zero-heat-flux temperature (Bland-Altman bias and limits of agreement; Lin's concordance correlation)
Methodological detailssingle-centre, level I trauma center, Bland-Altman analysis, Lin's concordance correlation with correction for repeated measurement, Temperature recorded automatically every 5 min
- Single-centre
- Level I trauma center
- Bland-Altman analysis
- Lin's concordance correlation with correction for repeated measurement
- Temperature recorded automatically every 5 min
Main finding
Agreement, all paired measurements
Mean bias
- 0.22 °C
95% limits of agreement CI - 1.30 to 0.85
P < 0.001
As reported in the abstract
- Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (95% CI 0.674-0.825), moderate agreement
- 0.759
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Agreement after excluding hypothermic values (< 34 °C) (sensitivity analysis)
- Bias (mean ± SD)
- - 0.23 ± 0.45 °C
- 95% LOA
- - 1.11 to 0.65 °C
- Lin's concordance correlation coefficient
- 0.846 (95% CI 0.716-0.864)
- 1,591 paired measurements remained
Original publication
Clinical agreement and physiological relevance of the zero-heat-flux temperature measurement in trauma patients during operating room resuscitation. J Clin Monit Comput. Published 8 May 2026. doi:10.
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