Return on investment of rapid ICU workforce upskilling: an economic and cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors' conclusion
Rapid, structured ICU workforce upskilling initiatives deliver substantial economic returns and significantly expands healthcare capacity.
Study context
- Population
- C19_SPACE, Europe-wide rapid ICU workforce upskilling initiative led by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), 24 countries, 2020–202124 countries
- Outcome
- Societal costs and ROI of the program
Methodological detailscost-effectiveness and return on investment analysis, societal perspective, deterministic modeling, probabilistic sensitivity analysis
- Cost-effectiveness and return on investment analysis
- Societal perspective
- Deterministic modeling
- Probabilistic sensitivity analysis
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
- Total societal investment
- €20.1 million
- Average cost per participant
- €1146
- Cost per Quality-Adjusted Healthcare Worker (QAHW)
- €1720
- Return on investment (ROI) (deterministic modeling)
- 478%
- Program costs fully recovered (deterministic)
- 5.1 days
Further findings
Probabilistic sensitivity analysis
- Mean ROI
- 455% (95% CI 130-1029%)
- Median break-even point
- 5.4 days (95% CI 2.66-13.04 days)
- Confirmed robustness of findings
Original publication
Return on investment of rapid ICU workforce upskilling: an economic and cost-effectiveness analysis. Intensive Care Med. Published 21 July 2025. doi:10.
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