Perioperative medicine & outcomes
Association of the cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome and adverse outcomes after noncardiac surgery
Main finding · MACEResult — go to the resultAOR range 1.70-3.42Authors' conclusion
Advanced stages of CKM were associated with a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, mortality, and non-home discharge, but this was unrelated to race, ethnicity, or sex.
Study context
- Population
- Patients ≥65 yr undergoing major noncardiac surgery, US Medicare 2017–2020
- Participants
- 2,129,997 surgeries
- Exposure
- Advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) stages vs no CKM
- CKM Stage 0n = 274,574reference
- CKM Stage 3n = 37,031
- CKM Stage 4n = 537,894
- Outcome
- MACE
Methodological detailsmultivariable logistic regression, US Medicare data
- Multivariable logistic regression
- US Medicare data
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
AOR range
1.70-3.42
P < 0.001
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Secondary outcomes
| Outcome | aOR range | P value |
|---|---|---|
| MortalityCKM stages ≥3 vs CKM Stage 0 | 1.52-3.61 | P < 0.001 |
| Non-home dischargeCKM stages ≥3 vs CKM Stage 0 | 1.98-4.25 | P < 0.001 |
Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) by race, ethnicity and sex (subgroup)
- Black, Hispanic and female individuals did not have a higher risk of MACE vs White or male individuals with the same CKM stage
Original publication
Association of the cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome and adverse outcomes after noncardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. Published 20 November 2025. doi:10.
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →