Virtual reality for reduction of intraprocedural pharmacological sedation and analgesia in adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors' conclusion
VR immersion effectively reduces the required dose of intraprocedural sedatives, but its impact on opioid consumption remains unclear, especially in the absence of regional or neuraxial anesthesia.
Study context
- Population
- Adults (≥ 18 years) undergoing awake medical procedures with intraprocedural sedation and/or analgesia
- Participants
- 560 adults · 11 studies
- Comparison
- Virtual reality (VR) immersion vs no VR
- Outcome
- Intraprocedural sedative (propofol, midazolam) and opioid usage
Methodological detailsprospectively registered protocol
- Prospectively registered protocol
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
VR vs ControlSMD (95% CI)P value
Propofol usage; I2 = 92%
−1.70(−3.10 to −0.31)
P = 0.02Midazolam usage; I2 = 0%
−0.29(−0.57 to 0.00)
P = 0.05Opioid usage; I2 = 74%
−0.21(−0.60 to 0.19)
P = 0.31Original publication
Virtual reality for reduction of intraprocedural pharmacological sedation and analgesia in adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. Published 23 January 2025. doi:10.
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