Intra-operative haemodynamic monitoring and management of adults having noncardiac surgery: A statement from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care

Base intra-operative arterial pressure management on MAP and keep intra-operative MAP above 60 mmHg

Identify the underlying causes of intra-operative hypotension and address them appropriately

Pragmatically treat bradycardia or tachycardia when it leads to profound hypotension or likely reduces CO, oxygen delivery or organ perfusion

Monitor stroke volume or CO in patients with high baseline risk for complications or having high-risk surgery to assess haemodynamic status and response to therapeutic interventions

Not routinely maximising stroke volume or CO in noncardiac surgery

Define stroke volume and CO targets individually, considering the clinical situation and clinical and metabolic signs of tissue perfusion and oxygenation

Not giving fluids simply because a patient is fluid responsive, but only if there are clinical or metabolic signs of hypovolaemia or tissue hypoperfusion

Monitor and optimise depth of anaesthesia to titrate anaesthetic drug doses and reduce their side effects