Guideline-based management of acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome

Restrictive fluid strategies to be considered in acute respiratory failure (ARF), particularly acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), without shock or multiple organ dysfunction

Oxygenation targets: avoiding excessive hyperoxemia and hypoxemia is probably reasonable

HFNC oxygenation for respiratory management of ARF in general and for initial management of ARDS

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for certain ARF conditions and as initial management of ARDS

Low tidal volume ventilation for all patients with ARF

Low tidal volume ventilation for patients with ARDS

Limiting plateau pressure and high-level PEEP for moderate-to-severe ARDS

Prone position ventilation with prolonged hours for moderate-to-severe ARDS

COVID-19: ventilatory management essentially as for ARF and ARDS; awake prone positioning may be considered