Noninvasive respiratory support for adult patients with acute respiratory failure: an official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) for adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, with close monitoring for need for escalation of respiratory support

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, with close monitoring for need for escalation of respiratory support

NIV for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure to reduce mortality and need for invasive mechanical ventilation

HFNC in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure only with less severe hypercapnia and mild acidemia (eg, pH > 7.25), provided close monitoring and prompt escalation to NIV are available

HFNC or NIV for preoxygenation prior to endotracheal intubation to prevent peri-intubation hypoxemia

HFNC for low-risk and NIV for high-risk patients to reduce need for re-intubation following extubation after critical illness